Great Auntie Anne’s House :: essays papers

Great Auntie Annes HouseThere are many thoughts and memories that I still retain from my childhood. Many have prone me new experiences and taught me lessons that have helped me grow. My great Auntie Anne has provided me with several memories, which I still recall occasionally. What are most difficult to forget are the memories of the times in her pedestal. I have never found a home like hers. The memories I obtained outside of the cottage, in the main entrance, in the old library, and in the mystical room are the memories most difficult to forget.The small white cottage sat upon a crowing green field. My Auntie believed in allowing nature rule. A thick terra cotta wall kept the home safe from the outside world surrounded the cottage. Wild flowers grew around the cottage and grew along the surrounding walls of the bats garden. These gave the tender the cottage grew up from flowers. She did not have trimmed green grass or any type of man made landscape. She allowed the green an d white wild flowers to grow where they pleased. The field also had many trees that reached high above and branched widely. I remember climbing those trees with my brother and cousins. A dirt road flowed up through the fields into the small garage. As I walked through the thin dirt path I anxiously awaited the adventures found inside the house. Her home was a magical place where my cousins, my brother, and I could run wild. Auntie, as she preferred to be called, was not a strict disciplinarian, so we were free to do what we wished. She firm that her niece and nephews must learn to enjoy life as she did. We often visited her white cottage while on vacations. The front door of the house was a large wooden door with black iron strips running across. The handle was also made in the shape of a serpent, which symbolizes wisdom and the Earth spirit. Auntie constantly opened the door with her smiling wrinkled face greeting us as we walked through. As we entered the house we were l ed into a main room. It was simple and relaxing. To the right-hand(a) was a large window that overlooked the cobblestone driveway and entrance to the garage. To the left were two sectional floral Victorian couches that connected together in the corner of the room with a small square wooden table.

Animal Testing Essay -- Science Experiments, Animals, Guinea Pigs

Canary in the kitchen detects carbon monoxide Animal testing must be banned for unnecessary tests. Animals should not be guinea pigs. Animals still scent the pain when they be injected with medicine just equivalent human beingss. Humans can defend themselves and stop the pain, barely the animals get strapped down and cannot move. It is better to have tests flail on animals because animals will help find recruits faster. Animal testing must be banned for unnecessary tests because a lot of animals are dying for no reason. cardinal-four percent of animal testing is done to determine the safety of cosmetics and household products (Animal Testing 1). That only leaves six percent for medical research (1). Ninety percent of all animals used in research are rats and mine (Animals Used in Experiments 4). Cosmetic testing is banned in Belgium, Netherlands, and the United nation (1). The United States has many companies that continue to legally perform horrible tests on animals (1). The United States Food and Drug Administration and the Consumer Product Safety Commission do not require animal testing for cosmetics or household products (1). The Animal Welfare Act is the only federal law to require basic standards of care, caparison and treatment to the animals that are kept in the labs for testing (4). The LD50 test is one of the worst tests that was developed back in 1927 and is still used today (1). Groups of animals are dosed with different amounts of a test substance in order to determine the does which kills half of the animals (1) Animals are force-fed this substance (1). Why would we want to put in unequal animals in this kind of pain for no reason? Animals to the society can be their world. Animal lovers in the society would probably g... ...and are just like humans (3). Scientists on the other hand feel like there is a need to endanger the animals because they are trying to find a cure for the human population to all the disea ses that are out in the world(3). Animal testing should be banned for unnecessary tests because why would the government want to put human through the same thing that the animals go through. Animals should not be guinea pigs to the horrible tests that the scientists run on them. The animals should be able to be poverty-stricken and not have to be strapped down and forced-fed. Animals feel the pain just as well as a human would, but a human can walk away from the pain and say no. Sometimes it is better to run tests on animals to find a cure for cancer, HIV, and other diseases but the government and the scientists should find a different way to do this with out killing so many animals.

Counting the minority vote Essay -- essays research papers

Counting the Minority Voter     This election year the presidential candidates be courting the minority voters like never before in history. States like Arizona, Florida, New Mexico and Ohio be considered swing states or battleground states. In many states voter registration drives have significantly increased the number of minority registered voters, particularly Hispanics, African Americans, and Asians. The candidates are well aware of this and are campaigning issues relevant to minority voters because they are prominent players in the political arena in the approaching presidential election (Kamman).      According to the "Current Population Reports," a report put out by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2002, there are 25.1 million Hispanics in the United States. Of these 25.1 million, 15 million are U.S. citizens, of those 8.1 million are registered voters, of those 4.7 million reportedly voted. In percentages it relates in the follow ing way 52.5% of Hispanics are U.S. citizens, 30% of those Hispanics are registered to vote. Of the 30% that are registered to vote 57.9% reported to have voted. Hispanics have traditionally voted Democratic but in recent history a few more are swaying to the Republican Party. According to a poll analyzed by Steve Sailer 20 % of the Hispanic voters identifies themselves as Republican with the percentage of Latino voters voting Republican being slightly higher in Texas (the Presidents hom...

Loyalty in Sir Patrick Spens and Bonnie George Campbell :: Patrick Spens Bonnie George

Loyalty in  Sir Patrick Spens and Bonnie George Campbell   Is trustyty really a thing to die for? Sir Patrick Spens and Bonnie George Campbell Sure did call in so in the two numberss they were a part of The term loyalty means to be faithful and true to anything one is a part of twain Sir Patrick Spens and Bonnie George Campbell exemplify this trait. This trait of loyalty makes these two characters similar in their poems. They are similar in ways such as how they both yield to go on missions, both are leaving something laughingstock, and both are skilled at what they do. The situations Sir Patrick Spens and Bonnie George Campbell are involved in, along with the loyalty separately exemplifies teach important lessons in the poems. This lesson is the ironic outcome of loyalty. Sir Patrick Spens and Bonnie George Campbells similarities in that they both have to go on missions, both are leaving something behind them, and both are skilled at what they do relates to their loyalty and the ironic outcome of this loyalty.     Sir Patrick Spens and Bonnie George Campbell decided to go on missions in which they knew there was a good chance they would never come back. This is shown in Sir Patrick Spens by what the poem says referring to Sir Patrick Spens reaction to a letter he receives that tells him that he has to go on this mission. The poem says about his reaction The first line that Sir Patrick red, A loud lauch launched he, The next line that Sir Patrick red, The teir blined his ee. ( I 1- 16) Although Patrick was very sad about having to go on his mission, he still went to be loyal to his king. -The same situation occurred with Bonnie George Campbell in his poem. It can be inferred by the way he says good bye to his overprotect and bride that he is sad to leave and that he knows he may never come back. George still goes on his mission because he feels he needs to be loyal to his country when they need him in this time of war.  & nbsp  Sir Patrick Spens and Bonnie George Campbell were both leaving something behind to go on their missions so they can be loyal to their king and country Bonnie George Campbell leaves his family behind him to go on this mission as shown by these lines

The Constraints on Adolescent Learning Essay -- Education Teaching

Personalities, social skills and intellectual development are only some of the key factors that effect how pupils learn and achieve differently to one another. any child responds individually to their specific needs and environment, and the extent of that achievement can be often be linked with external factors as pupils are of course enticed by a variety of different constraints. These factors that are not concrete and will change and alter throughout an adolescents development, as Piaget (Piaget 1970) believed the straits changes and works in different ways at different stages so do the conditions that enhance and limit progress. Furthermore these constraints can have both a beneficial and a detrimental effect on the learning abilities of pupils, often with the most extreme examples of these constraints being the most influential. Physical, intellectual, emotional and social development sexual urge and ethnicity, play the most significant roles in determining the achievements and success of the individual pupils we teach and it is vital that as teachers we are aware of and can accommodate these factors to change them to succeed to the best of their ability. Vygotsky believed that social and cultural interaction and involvement effects the development of our thought processes (Vygotsky 1929 cited in Mooney 2000) indicating that the environment and adults that we interact with as children directly influence our ability to learn, therefore suggesting that ethnicity and social class can not only enhance adolescent learning but perhaps also hinder its progress. tender deprivation and financial instability can hamper a pupils development as there might be less stress on education as an important necessity in working class families... ...0et%20al.pdf Accessed on 10th Dec 2010Kearsley, G.n.d. Conditions of Learning (R. Gagne) online. 1ST ed. United States supposition Into Practice. Available from http//tip.psychology.org/gagne.html Accessed on 20th Nov 201 0Kearsley, G.n.d. Social Development Theory (L. Vygotsky) online. 1ST ed. United States Theory Into Practice. Available fromhttp//tip.psychology.org/vygotsky.html Accessed on 20th Nov 2010Kirkby, E. (2003) How can we address the reward of Boys Underachievement? online 1st ed. United Kingdom Teacher Research. Available from http//www.teacherresearch.net/tr_ekundachboys.htm. Accessed on 31st Dec 2010McLeod, S. (2007) Vygotskys Theory of Social Development online. 1st ed. United Kingdom but Psychology. Available from http//www.simplypsychology.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/vygotsky.html. Accessed on 20th Nov 2010

The Constraints on Adolescent Learning Essay -- Education Teaching

Personalities, social skills and intellectual development are only some of the key factors that effect how pupils learn and happen upon differently to one another. Every child responds individually to their specific needs and environment, and the extent of that achievement commode be often be linked with outside(a) factors as pupils are naturally influenced by a variety of different constraints. These factors that are not concrete and will change and alter throughout an jejunes development, as Piaget (Piaget 1970) believed the mind changes and works in different ways at different stages so do the conditions that enhance and limit progress. Furthermore these constraints can have both a beneficial and a detrimental effect on the learning abilities of pupils, often with the most extreme examples of these constraints being the most influential. Physical, intellectual, wound up and social development gender and ethnicity, play the most significant roles in determining the achievement s and success of the individual pupils we teach and it is vital that as teachers we are aware(predicate) of and can accommodate these factors to enable them to succeed to the best of their ability. Vygotsky believed that social and cultural interaction and involvement effects the development of our thought processes (Vygotsky 1929 cited in Mooney 2000) indicating that the environment and adults that we interact with as children directly influence our ability to learn, therefore suggesting that ethnicity and social class can not only enhance adolescent learning but maybe also hinder its progress. Social deprivation and financial instability can hamper a pupils development as there strength be less emphasis on education as an important necessity in working class families... ...0et%20al.pdf Accessed on 10th Dec 2010Kearsley, G.n.d. Conditions of acquirement (R. Gagne) online. 1ST ed. United States Theory Into Practice. Available from http//tip.psychology.org/gagne.html Accessed o n twentieth Nov 2010Kearsley, G.n.d. Social Development Theory (L. Vygotsky) online. 1ST ed. United States Theory Into Practice. Available fromhttp//tip.psychology.org/vygotsky.html Accessed on 20th Nov 2010Kirkby, E. (2003) How can we address the issue of Boys Underachievement? online first ed. United Kingdom Teacher Research. Available from http//www.teacherresearch.net/tr_ekundachboys.htm. Accessed on 31st Dec 2010McLeod, S. (2007) Vygotskys Theory of Social Development online. 1st ed. United Kingdom Simply Psychology. Available from http//www.simplypsychology.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/vygotsky.html. Accessed on 20th Nov 2010

Decreasing Charge Method Essay

Companies have a choice among the many methods available with which to allocate the approach of fixed assets they have acquired. One of type of these methods is the decrease inject methods consisting of sum-of-the-years-digits and declining-balance method (author 525). Under these methods, the company allocates a higher portion of the hail of the asset in its earlier years than in later ones. Because of the higher cost allocation in the earlier year these methods are also called the accelerated method (526). Sum-of-the-years-digits The name of this method is real descriptive of the formula used to inscribe depreciation cost.As one of the accelerated methods to allocate cost, sum-of-the-years-digits allocates a higher depreciation cost in the early flavor of the asset, with the depreciation cost decreasing both year (527). The first part of computing the depreciation cost under this method is to determine the depreciable cost of the asset, which is computed by take time offing the salvage value from the accomplishment cost. The depreciable cost is multiplied by the rate of the depreciation for the year to arrive at the depreciation cost for the year. To compute for the rate of depreciation for the year, the years of the estimated life of the asset are added.This serves as the denominator. To illustrate an asset with a useful life of three year will use a denominator of six computed as (3+2+1). The numerator is the estimated life of the asset at the beginning of the year. To illustrate the rate of depreciation to be used on the asset above on its befriend year of use is 2/6 or 1/3. This method of computing depreciation is characterized by a rate of depreciation that changes every year. At the end of the useful life of the asset, the remaining balance of the asset will be its salvage value. (527) Computing for the sum of the years for an asset with a very high estimated life can be time-consuming.Mathematicians came out with a formula to speed up the pro cess. The formula is expressed as n(n+1) all over 2, with n as the estimated life of the asset. (527) Declining-balance Method The declining-balance method, on the other hand, uses a constant rate in computing the depreciation cost for the year. The rate is usually a multiple of the straight-line method. (527) To illustrate an asset with an estimated useful life of five years is depreciated at the rate of 20% under the straight-line method and at the rate of 40% under the declining-balance method.The rates used by the companies vary from industry to industry and from asset to asset (527). Unlike the sum-of-the-years-digits, the declining balance method do not deduct the salvage value of the asset when computing for the depreciation cost. Instead, the book value of the asset is multiplied by the rate of depreciation to arrive at the allocated cost for the year, and the process is repeated every year until such time that the book value of the asset is equal to the salvage value. The d epreciation cost of the asset declines every year under this method because the book value is decreased every year by the depreciation cost. (527)

Importance of good leadership command and management in military environment Essay

Importance of neat leading, manipulate and circumspection in war machine machine surroundingsIntroduction There is wide recognition of leadership, look across and focusing done the vast amounts of the available literatures. What is genuine leadership, command and management? How substructure good leadership skills be acquired? The study of leadership, command and management is a life yen endeavour that is composed of good values such as loyalty, ability to act as come up as the ability to pass give-up the ghost messages to the subordinates in a particular group (Boulder, 2009, p.67). However, little has been developed pertaining to the trey although scholars recognize that they be closely related especi whollyy in the armament context. In a broad spectrum, diametrical scholars have outlined leadership in contrastive panaches. Over a foresighted period, it has been impossible to determine whether leadership is an tantrum or a consequence of status. However, acc ording to Horn and Walker(2008), leadership is the ability of one human being to stir sentiments in an organizational perspective and turn the behaviours of others especially the less(prenominal)er. In view of this, it has been concluded that leadership is an inherent source of strength the index finger to direct a group of people towards the achievement of a leaders destinations by transmitting those goals into aims of e rattlingone. In general, leadership is an elusive quality that is expressed in different surroundingss. Secondly, according to Beerel (2009), command hints to an order prone by a commander and engulfs the will of the commander expressed for the purpose of bringing about a particular change or achieving a particular(prenominal) objective. Use of command is mostly emphasized in the soldiery environments. Inherently, command is different at each level of armed forces operations and the task changes in different dimensions in relation to the will and the skil ls of those in commands. Finally, the third feature is good management. match to Boulder (2009), management refers to the organization, coordination, envisionning, controlling of organizational or a groups activities in order to achieve the best(p) and attain the decorate goals. The trine aspects are critical and very burning(prenominal) in the multitude operations and their applications have significant benefits in the operations at large. This research paper aims at uncovering the importances of leadership, command and management in soldiery environments. In the literature of legions machine, the three aspects of good organizational social organisation have vast amounts of definitions. In a broad spectrum, over a long period scholars have recognized the significance of good leadership and cohesion in multitude environments especially when it comes to ensuring soldiery success in variety of domains. all the equivalent, it is evident that military activities can only be achieved effectively if only all members can carry out their activities responsibly in a joint approach (Beerel, 2009, p.119). This essentially means that everybody in any military operation irrespective of the occupation, operational govern or status has a role to make up and should operate in accordance to the military guiding principles. Most importantly, military leadership, command and management play a vital role in ensuring the mentioned success. armed services leadership is the process of critically influencing other individuals in a military operation to accomplish a set mission by offering a structured purpose, target objective, direction, and purposeful motivation. On the other hand, command is a term that is closely linked to leadership in a military environment and it refers to the authority a person in military service legally exercises over other individuals or subordinates by the high merit of his or her rank and position (Horn &Walker, 2008, p.48). This means that the most successful military organization is the one that practices god leadership and promotes cohesiveness that bonds the personnel together an integrated sense of rationale and belongingness. Although good leadership is not an easy task to define, recent research and scholars have developed a substantial basis that creates a relationship amid a military operation per conventionance and good leadership, command and management. Inherently, good leadership has not only proved to have a positive furbish up on the performance but has also shown an improved group functioning by buffering effects that arise from poor leadership strategies. As illustrated and discussed by different researchers, Leadership in a military environment is characterized a Leadership strategy that is not managerial in the military perspective as well as a style that focuses on personal emphatic and direct contact with soldiers. Nevertheless, a military leadership should be charismatic in genius rather t han glib (Horn &Walker, 2008, p. 109). In most cases, leadership in the military is viewed as protective of certain members of a group. Most of the good leaders in this case are guided by the qualification of not focusing on success but focus on building and neutralizing on the failures antecedent realized (Beerel, 2009, p. 88). In wider terms, leadership comes in many shapes and approaches and each has both positive and negative. As a result, effective leaders acknowledge the significance of applying the best strategies at all costs. In its simplest forms, leadership is all about influencing individuals to act and achieve some objectives that are critical and important to the leader, the entire group or even an organization (Horn &Walker, 2008, p. 176). In basic terms, leadership is a human element that leads, motivates and inspires particularly during times of chaos, misunderstandings, crisis and multifactoriality and stomachs a solution when directives have less or no or have little effect on cold, exhausted and stressed subordinates. In many cases, research has established that good leadership mostly in the military environment encourages subordinates to go beyond their obligations and committing themselves into the mission in a way that maximizes their potential (Beerel, 2009, p. 37). Most importantly, in the military good leadership serves as a very individualistic yet a very kingful component that allows commanders and leaders at all levels to shape and demasculinize the environment in which subordinates and thereby, influencing the individuals characters, behaviour and even the actions of others. As such, good leadership is a key factor in motivating individuals to fight more. The most important thing about good leadership is that it provides the basis for the constructive role modelling hence providing an extremely influence on individual reactions on ominous events. As pertains the American involvement in the World War II, scholars have realiz ed that leadership from in front especially in war is very imperative. In addition, researchers have repeatedly proven that the availability of solicitous leadership creates a force that helps resist fear in military environments and hence provide a strong constituent of combat motivation In any military mission the main and the basic task of a leader is to visualise the success and the accomplishment of the operation as well as ensuring the welfare of the subordinate colleagues. Furthermore, to ensure the quoted success, the command in military environments is offered through an get upd structure that is the chain of command. In general, a chain of command is the sequence of commanders in an operation who have a series of duties and responsibilities to ensure the accomplishment of the mission as well as caring for the personnel and the possessions they are under charge. Particularly in the military, it is very important that soldiers including those in leadership understand that most of the time, they intrust more on those who are on their left or right for solveing support. Nevertheless, good leadership helps leaders gain honour from their subordinates. The key characteristics of good leadership in the military being honour, morality and integrity of which the three derive directly from the unique and pronounced intensity of the military environment in which the leadership is expressed. In terms of leadership, military organizations are different from other leadership organs in terms of their basic nature and reasons for being (Horn &Walker, 2008). Consequently, the power of the military official to exercise and influence the performance of the other soldiers are as a result of good leadership. In fact, soldiers always follow a good leader at any conditions of any battle. Nevertheless, good military leadership is built by developing military familiarity, trust deservinginess and reliance from followers who in most cases are the soldiers. Military leader ship in issues with reference to an operation is important because it prevents the fighters from leaning towards different solutions hence preventing argumentation and confrontations within a group undertaking a vital manoeuvre. program line in military perspective refers to the way and means by which the commander sees the shoot and takes most countenance and possible actions to have the need satisfied. miss encompasses all military operations and functions giving them a meaning and matching to complete unit with functional entities. The responsibility of commanding is vested on the commander who is authorized by set statutes to give directives as the situation may demand (Chapman, 2009, p.65). In military environment, command cannot be separated from control. Command exists with a view to imparting control on controls in order to ensure coordination and response to emergency in military field. Commands may take a form of quick reaction that makes it possible to execute dutie s accurately in a moment of crisis. Command requires some level of experience, and understanding that can only be performed only by skilled personnel who are capable of devising tactic and operation strategies. According to scholars, command occurs in three distinct categories that are highly linked to enhance the success of military operation. The basics for all command in the military activities is the power that is vested in the commanders, over their subordinates. The authority is in form of a rank that is bestowed to an individual either by the defiance force or by law through the constitution. In the military perspective, the personal command comes because of an individuals charisma, experience and diligence in the execution of his duties. The other members of the organization normally crown this power to an individual. Noteworthy, official command provides the power to act but is not sufficient to make resounding impacts (Shamir, 2011, p.109). Most of the powerful commanders possess surplus power from the personal experience or inborn attributes. In the military, this high degree of personal authority, coupled with legal power is what makes charismatic commanders in the forces and the powers are delegated to subordinates. However, the commanders remain accountable since they are obliged to report to senior authority for instance the head of state. Command in the defence force is a complex application that comprise of diverse but linked activities that are coordinated to achieved common direct and purpose. As a significant factor for success in military operations, command touches the peoples social, cultural and economic. Nevertheless, the authority gained from possession of commanding power controls the inter relations among individuals of varying backgrounds. Military command exists in three categories that are diverse but highly related. These categories are legal, individual and departmental command (Wittmann, 2012, p.78). Firstly, legal command is vested in the head of the state by the constitution that has the power over the armed forces. The head of state charges the secretary of the state the general task for security. The state secretary in turn confers the power to the commanders in chief of armed forces. For that reason, the command is vested to the commanders but through higher powers that assigns force to them to accomplish operation. (Shamir, 2011, p.98).The commanders, guided by military principle of service to the nation, organize coordinates and commands the troops carry out an operation. Command is the central feature of a formal military structure and defines the individual control over others in a given area of expertise. Secondly, individual exercise of command involves the manner in which the commander makes conclusivenesss and conveys them to his juniors. The individual command gives commanders the authority, responsibility and duty to act in a manner that safeguards the safety of the state. In this case , the commander makes decision, communicates them and directs the subordinates to take action for accomplishment of a mission hence fostering success. However, the commander remains accountable for the decision they make (Muth, 2011, p.101). In this context, command and accountability requires keen analysis. To enhance efficient and smooth running of the military operations, commanders are liable and obliged to answer to the banner about the power delegated them. On the other side, subordinates in the military environments remain answerable to the commanders. Command in this case may include the acts of controlling, ordering and predicting of which the three enhance the aspect of future success hence promoting success. Organizational command is related to entity design and takes hierarchical structure from the supreme to the subordinate hence this ensures that last is divided to achieve high level of coordination among the work activities involved in the troops. Moreover, it is ma jorly concerned with division of labor, departmentalization, authority allocation and span control that promote efficacy. It is worth noting that, effective training and education is important to commander in military environment. With the acquired knowledge from the training, planning skills are developed that sharpens situational awareness and is required in the speedy response to combat and establish controls. Inherently, war being a major issue that brings conflict between parties, solution is needed and commonly comes in form of command. In the military, there is no single activity in accomplishing a mission that is as important as command. Command can end conflicts without make attacks, destroying enemy targets and engaging in any war fighting activity (Muth, 2011, p.123). Planning organization and success of battles lies on the degree of command. In absence of command, military unit will possibly degenerate into mobs and subordination of troops will be deputised by violence and misunderstanding. In review, command is the tool that drives all military activities and operations. Military command gives all the operations of martial purpose and direction. When command is well done, it grants the activities success and meaning. Contrary, poorly executed military command calls for disasters from the potential enemies. Command bestows the commanders with an opportunity to best apply their intellectual capability to safeguard the safety of all citizens as well as upholding the troops reputation. Commander makes decision on what they feel is good for the people and then give directives to the subordinates to act immediately promoting response within the troops (Wittmann, 2012, p.77). Seemingly, senior commanders make suggestions about division of work at organizational level, delegate the authority and finally institute a span control. Eventually, these decisions become elaborate and clearly depict the organization structure. Command facilitates in building th e military culture that outlines how operations are carried out. Establishing culture changes commanders to identify the weak point that need check for the improvement to be achieved. According to Ploch, (2009), command includes task such as collecting and analyzing selective information, planning, organizing resources and making decision that aims at monitoring and supervising military activities and operations. Command results to a procedure of executing an activity although its self not a procedure. In military context, command imparts control on all the activities and operations carried out that range from simple data collection to complex analysis to facilitate communication of instructions and information obtained. Commands in military environment helps at providing an insight into the requirements of an insecurity challenge face by a nation. In addition, the command will assist at developing the intelligence about enemy and their habitat. As argued by the Chapman (2009), b est way to defeat an enemy is by understanding his environment, tactics that they use and their intensity of their threat and this can only be achieved with good command in place. This enable s the military troops to unravel truths about the enemys intentions, strengths and weakness. Consequently, the commander having the prerequisite skills and information is empowered to plan and deploy troops in a battle having situational awareness of the attacks. Furthermore, commands aids in developing and setting suitable goals and devising mechanisms to adapt to those goals as the situation changes. Military authority lends a hand in developing appropriate action plan to attain desired aspirations. The power creates direction and focus that provides a vigorous approach for assessing numerous essentials of the force. Authority also provides for means of constant monitoring and evaluation to assess the adaptability of the mechanisms employed. Above all, it should provide an opportunity to conc eal the military intentions against the potential enemies a long side developing a rapid response system. Briefly, good power and control should generate responsive actions that are appropriate, applicable, and decisive and secure (Shamir, 2011, P.79). Even though commanding system is constantly evolving, the basic nature is that war is undesirable and unwanted. Technological changes and improvements have lessened the demand for commands in the military environment. The evolution of commands has not kept pace with the complexities of warfare. Command seems to impart controls that are merely dealing with basic challenges of uncertainties of time. The impact of command remain static irrespective of the constant changes in the wars sophistications. Another importance tool in the success of military operations is management. Management in broad spectrum refers to the acts of organizing and coordinating human resource to achieve a desired objective (Schwartz, 2006, P.24). It is an import ant component in success of any activity. The success of the military operations high depends on the capability of the senior officers. It is a very complex issue and indeed best explained through it features. Actually, management has been a matter of academic interest as scholars seek to unravel its functions and features (Dudley, 2012, p.67). Like Leadership, management is referred as one of the strong military tool since there does not exist any weapon that can replace it. The quality of management largely determines the success of defence forces operation. The success with which the troops accomplish mission is depended on the management skills of the commanders. Managers attempt to balance the allocation of resources to different units within an organization to achieve set goals. Management is one of the major responses to security issues that military highly value (European Conference on Knowledge Management, & Neto, 2010, p.79). due(p) to change and growth in size of defen ce forces, many complexities are evident in the military environments. To handle these sophistications, good planning, coordination and organization is paramount. Proper and equitable allocation of resources assures of balance between all the units of the defence that are interdependent (Ehlen and Harmon, 2001, p.88). For the reason of this mutualism, the success of one unit is the success of the entire system therefore the existence of effective and efficient management brings about a certain degree of organic structure to the important decisions made by the military officials. In the military as quoted earlier management develops the capacity to goals achievement through proper organization and staffing hence sets the organization structure and creates jobs to accomplish a military operation. This is achieved through care analysis of situations and providing a framework for accomplishment through decision-making. Management identifies a problem, suggests solution through process of problem solving and draws a plan for effectuation (Ehlen and Harmon, 2001, p.89). Noteworthy, military is very complex issue with many activities running concurrently. These activities require planning coordination and balancing to have them executed simultaneously. For better results, motivation and ambition on the part of staff is mandatory. Actually, management aims at maximizing human resource with the available skills and technology and it applies in the same way in the military therefore a key element in the success of military missions. For instance, good management in the forces helps officials to plan for financial resources and the numbers of troops to be deployed in a certain battle. (European Conference On Knowledge Management and Neto, 2010, p.106). In addition, good military management influences proper budgetary allocation by the supervision. Military administration is also very important in evaluating the success of an operation. In this, the operation is asses sed whether it was time and cost effective. Management also assesses how a military activity achieves external goals. The results of evaluation helps the managers detect loopholes in the defence force and then suggest action to ensure that a nation is safe from all threats. In addition, management ensures that all the support organs of the military are availed for the continued success of the defence force. It may be argued that, the success of military lies in its management. Management combines all functional units in defence force and coordinates them to collectively achieve a collectively achieve a common goal (Dudley, 2012, p.109). According to the European Conference On Knowledge Management and Neto (2010), management is a vital driving force that propels all the activities and the operations of the military. It outlines the necessary framework for the instrumentation of the policies and the decision made. In fact, European Conference On Knowledge Management and Neto (2010), proposed that there is need to improve management which is a vital element of military and effort mechanisms and should be put in place to improve functionality an endeavour that can only be achieved through training, benchmarking and motivation (Ehlen and Harmon, 2001, p.123). Institutions that offer military studies need to be boosted by the government through resource allocation with the core aim of improving the achieving high quality and efficient work force in the field of military. Additionally, the soldiers need some training especially in area that are highly challenging like the war torn area, where they are richly engaged in field operations. To achieve the overall success of the management other aspects should be incorporated to ensure balance among management leadership and command. The types of leadership with the defence forces help at streaming the command that exist. Management comes as a facilitator of the overall implementation of what is decided at the drawing t able. As defined earlier in the introduction, management in the military context refers to the allocation and control as well as the coordination of human, financial and material resources to achieve the goals and objectives set (Rodt, 2014, p. 77). Essentially, in matters concerning military operations, the measure for good management is the ability to achieve balance in all activities undertaken. For managers senior individuals in a military environment to ensure that their management operations are good and effective, scholars argue that knowing the roles they should play in order to achieve success is essential. Without good and effective management strategies in organizations more so the military groups in the fast-moving and dynamic environment, the operations tend to turn chaotic and this in the long rum may threaten success (Sooters et al., 2010, p. 128). As a basic factor and component of success in any organizational process and approach, management brings a degree of con sistency to some of the critical decision made by the senior officials in the military. In the same way as in other organizations, management in the military has not been left behind in promoting staffing. It develops the capacity for military organizations to achieve their plans by aligning individuals into the positions they best fit (Rodt, 2014, p. 77). When deeply analyzed, management applies the same approaches as leadership and command. In this sense, separating the three in the military environment denies success a chance hence failure to attain the set objectives. In addition, in the military environment, management ensures plan accomplishment by controlling and monitoring through the analysis and evaluation of the results achieved versus the plan. As leadership, command and management in the present times are more than the leader and the led, more than the commander and the commanded as well as more than the manager and the managed respectively, the officers of today in the military have to subtly develop good and effectual alternative ways through which, they will lead, command and manage efficiently. For instance, in the present the Royal glow Force subordinates are treated in ethical way such that they can question any treatment accorded to them by their seniors hence provoking the conventional methods that used to utilize the unquestionable commands form above. Actually, the traditional approaches that undermined the status of the subordinates should no longer be acceptable in any military environment (Sooters et al., 2010, p. 128). Today, military organizations due to good leadership, command and management can move from temporary and uncooperative systems to more empowered groups hence nurturing healthy, decent and valuable followers that with the post-bureaucratic minds can push any military agenda towards its success. Additionally, leaders, managers and commanders in the military should adhere to good leadership styles, team building strateg ies and matrix-style management that helps bring together military fraternity and inter agency operations in a fast paced, high tempo environment. At the same time, the officials should continuously and simultaneously design and implement policies and plans to maximize on group cohesion, promote subordinate potential as well as providing healthy professional ethics. With this kind of atmosphere in the military environment, this kind of leadership will end up creating more future leaders rather than developing lenient followers (Rodt, 2014, p. 77). Therefore, major purpose and goal of such up to date leaders, commanders and managers would produce change, transforming people and military organizations by setting and articulating vivid vision and implementing effective strategies that inspire even others. Some scholars refer to the three as The Success Trinity. To sum up, good and effective leadership, command and management in the military context serve as the three pillars that suppo rt success.ReferencesBeerel, A. C. (2009). Leadership and change management. Los Angeles, SAGE.Boulder.CO. (2009). Military leadership in pursuit of excellence. Boulder, CO, Westview Press.Chapman, B. (2009). Military doctrine a reference handbook. Santa Barbara, Calif, ABC-CLIO.Dudley, M. (2012). An environmental history of the UK Defence Estate, 1945 to the present. London, natural York.Ehlen, J., & Harmon, R. S. (2001). Encyclopedia of knowledge management. Hershey, PA, Idea Group Reference.European Conference On Knowledge Management, & Neto, M. D. C. (2010). Proceedings of the 4th European conference on information management and evaluation Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal 9-10 September 2010. Reading, Academic Publishing.Muth, J. (2011). Command culture officer education in the U.S. Army and the German Armed Forces, 1901-1940, and the consequences for World War II. Denton, Tex, University of North Texas Press.Ploch, L. (2009). Africa Command U.S. strategic interes ts and the role of the U.S. military in Africa. Washington, D.C., Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress.Rodt. P.A. (2014).The European Union and Military Conflict Management Defining, Evaluating and Achieving Success. Routledge.PressShamir, E. (2011). Transforming Command the Pursuit of direction Command in the U.S., British, and Israeli Armies. Palo Alto, Stanford University Press.Soeters, J., Fenema, P. V., & Beeres, R. (2010). Managing military organizations theory and practice. London, Routledge.Walker, R. W., & Horn, B. (2008). The military leadership handbook. Kingston, Ont, Canadian Defence Academy Press.Wittmann, J. (2012). Auftragstaktik just a command technique or the core pillar of mastering the military operational art? CHAPMAN, B. (2009). Military doctrine a reference handbook. Santa Barbara, Calif, ABC-CLIO.Source document

Nutrition Final Paper Essay

interrogatory 1 (3 pts) Clients will often approach the RD, bewildered as to how to select, conception, and prepare a healthy sustenance for themselves or their families. Using yourself as an example, discuss the six basic principles of diet planning and how they apply to your dietetic intake.Answer 1 Preparing and eating health meals for me and my family send away be difficult with our busy schedule, but it starts with a plan. Using the 6 principles of diet planning I start with adequacy. I accomplish this by compose out a grocery list of all the things my family will need for the week. I similarly shop weekly because we prefer fresh fruit and vegetables. Next, I make sure we have an even balance of foods. I write out meal plans for the week to make sure my family has an even items of food and too a variety of foods. This can be very challenging with young picky kids, because my son would just eat fruit and oatmeal all day long if I let him.Variety is really hard in the Park er home because of the limited food choices do to my husband intolerance to red meats and dairy products. I also struggle because my favorite food list consists of or so 10 different kinds of foods. We dont really have problems with the nutrient parsimoniousness because we only eat lean proteins such(prenominal) as fish, turkey, and chicken. My husband cannot tolerate fecundty food so we dont fry, and we enjoy a dictated variety of fruits and vegetables.I do not pay attention to calorie content unless it is a prepackaged food you heat up or affix water to, but I do make sure what Im putting into my families bodies is enough to keep them going for the day. Moderation is the last of the principles and a big one in my house. When cooking we do not add extra salt for taste nor do we consume foods with high trans fat, saturated fat,or cholesterol. piddle is also the most consumed beverage. Soda has no home in my pantry, but we do elect for juices that are not made from concentrate . move 2 (2 pts) wrangle the key recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 and differentiate these guidelines from the Canadian Guidelines for Healthy Eating. Do you have a preference as to which one you would use with clients?Answer 2 The dietary guidelines for Americans in 2010 have 4 main points. Starting with balancing calories to manage weight. With in this section it talks about how to maintain calorie control,intake,and balance. Also, is talks about physical activity and keeping active to maintain a healthy weight. In the Canadian guidelines it has in own section for keeping active and doing it in accordance to your body weight, but it really doesnt touch on calorie balance or intake. Next, the American guidelines touches on foods to reduce from your diet. Focuses limiting sodium, saturated, monaural and poly saturated,cholesterol ,trans fats,added sugars,refined grains,and alcohol.Whereas Canadian guidelines really just focus a lot on salt intake, alcoho l, and caffeine. Next American guidelines talks about food to increase. Included in this list is fruits, vegetables, fat free dairy, lean proteins, seafood, and foods that have more vitamins within them. The Canadian guidelines emphasis consuming a variety of complex carbs and foods from the earth. Also, incorporating low fat dairy products as part of a daly routine. Although, both will guide the average person to a healthier lifestyle I would refer my clients to the American guidelines because it goes in to more depth of how to live healthier.Question 3 (3 pts) MyPyramid is a popular graphic source for nutrition information. In fact, it is so popular that it has been duplicated as a graphic for exercise information, vegetarian diets, etc. Given its popularity, it would appear that MyPyramid is the best pictorial to teach consumers nutritional information. Would you agree or disagree? Why? after you have stated your own personal argument, consider the other perspective and discuss w hy someone would take this perspective.Answer 3 I turn over MyPyramid is a great way to teach consumers nutritional information, but I disagree thats it is the best way. The pot who need these guidelines the most are most likely ones who do not take the time to get on the Internet and use the tools that MyPyramid has to offer. I dont think it properly educates people on the right food choices in each group. Education on nutrient density is a lacking component when using MyPyramid. I also believe that the MyPyramid is lacking in teaching balance of healthy foods. It seems like they stress certain foods more than others and thus creating unhealthy habits for individuals not properly sagacity their nutrition needs.Question 4 (3 pts) Food manufacturing and technology continue to grow in sophistication. While one can certainly debate about the pros and cons of such growth, there is no doubt that consumers are often confused about the different labels given to the different types of p rocessed foods (a) In a few sentences, make out each of the following fortified, refined, enriched, whole grain, and textured vegetable protein. (b) What are your thoughts on how these types of foods fit into the diet of the American consumer?Question 4 a) Refined foods are exceedingly processed that have been stripped of their original nutrient content such as white flour and white pasta. Enriched foods add vitamins and minerals to replace the ones lost in the refining process. Fortified foods add vitamins and nutrients in addition to the ones found before the refining process.Question 5 (3 pts) To fully gain command of their dietary intake, consumers should get along how to examine food labels. Many find reading food labels very confusing. Why do you personally believe that consumers find food labels hard to read? Describe how you, if you were an RD, would educate your client on reading a food label. What do you think would be your priority point of education for your client?Q uestion 6 (5 pts) As noted in your readings, describing a vegetarian diet is somewhat like describing a typical American diet there are many another(prenominal) varieties. Please describe the types of vegetarian diets one might come into contact with and provide a short synopsis on the food plan that would be followed.Question 7 (3 pts) Discuss the rationale why consumers/clients select to pursue a vegetarian dietary plan as well as the health benefits of following a vegetarian diet.Question 8 (3 pts) Discuss nutrients that an RD should be careful to assess for and discuss with a client pursuing a vegetarian program to ensure thattheir dietary plan allows for sufficient quantities of that nutrient.

How Our Society Depicts Gender Essay

Gender is a powerful force that has influence humankinds history and has remained a strongly divisive issue, influencing all facets of the society. The age-old young-begetting(prenominal) chauvinist views against women are inactive evidently present and strong in todays society. For instance, in the most recent elections in the United States, gender has vie a major role, especially in the light of a good number of women joining the process, either as candidates, campaigners and advocates, or opinion leaders.Zernike, K. (2008), in a New York Times article entitled Postfeminism and other fairy tales, tackles the difficulties that women candidates faced amidst predominantly sex- and gender-biased electorate, and thus far the media. Gender in the Media The media today carries messages that are either shaped by or shaping the society. Curran, J.(2002) concludes that the media is a powerful and convenient vehicle which societal forces ride on to spread their messages, or to put forwa rd their docket and win support, and that what the media dominantly carries as messages are reflections of the society at large. What better way, then, to know how society depicts gender than by looking at the way media depicts it, through commercials, for instance. ram as an example Kelly Ripas Electrolux commercial, wherein the lady host is depicted as not only an efficient host doing a daily show among others, notwithstanding also doing all household chores single-handedly. And Electroluxs tagline You can be to a greater extent amazing implies that although the cleaning woman, represented in the commercial by Ripa, has been juggling time and path around in her feat to efficiently serve her home while maintaining her professional life, can even do more, as if all those things she had been doing are still not enough for the woman to be admired.This depiction of a woman in this commercial does not strictly fall into any of the themes or categories explained by Goffman, as the co mmercial is already a mixture of various elements mentioned by Goffman, including the use of height differences, smile, elevation, etc. For instance, in a paroxysm where Ripa drinks champagne with colleagues, her male counterparts are shown as much taller than she is, likewise her female colleague, who looks so distinctly like a male in her tailored suit and short hair.The scene sends a strong message that among them, Ripa is of lower rank, as symbolized by her short height relative to everybody else in the scene, her long blond hair and lighter drear suit. Therefore, as the one of lower rank and probably social status, Ripa has to run home to tuck her kids to bed. The use of the kitchen can easily be understood as the commercial is all about selling efficient kitchen and home appliances. However, it also gives a message that being a woman, Ripa must be efficient at home also, and must be able to respond to the kids needs at the exact moment that they need her.Overall, the message of the ad is clear that a womans professional success does not rattling count, as her efficiency at home counts the most. Conclusion Contemporary society is no different from societies of centuries back. sequence there are several theories on gender which different groups adhere to depending on what is convenient to their beliefs and agenda (Butler, J. , 1988), it is undeniable that gender biases and prejudices have not really changed significantly despite all the efforts through the years.Society still holds a very limited perspective and myopic point of view on gender. Although prescribed institutions have been set to raise awareness of and promote gender equality, and various mechanisms have been established to eliminate gender biases and prejudices, there is still a frequent culture of gender inequality. Biases against women, stereotyped as weak, domestic, naturally made for homecare, incapable of professional achievements, among others, still predominate societys overall mantra through the media, and even in the political, academic and social arenas.Indeed, as Butler quotes Simone de Beauvoir one is not born but rather becomes a woman, (Beauvoir, 1986, as quoted by Butler, p. 519), society develops concepts, and in this case, creates the concept of a woman as society wants it to be weak, domestic, only good for the home, among other stereotypes. As society depicts its women to be such, it should not expect, then, for its women to achieve more in life, it should not push its women to do impossible feats.The society better think of ways to take care of its women, however these women want to live their lives constraining themselves in stereotypical women roles, or jumping out of the box and dare do what only men are expected to do. Works Cited Butler, Judith (1988), Performative Acts and Gender temper An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory, Theater Journal, Vol. 40, No. 4 (Dec. ,1988),pp. 519-531. Curran, James (2002), Media and Power illust rated edition, Routledge 2002. Zernike, Kate (2008), Posfeminism and other fairy tales, The Nation, New York Times, published 16 March 2008.a

Defining the Humaniities Paper Essay

Humanities consist of humans and their ways of life st arting from prehistoric to sure cultural events. When one learns from past timess or civilizations one is better able to make wise decisions for the future. According to Georgia Humanities Council (2009-2013), The humanities are stories passed from generation to generation to transmit culture. These stories are also known as our history, literature, laws, ethics, religion, philosophy, anthropology etc (Why the Humanities Matter).This paper will be a discussion of humanities and give an acumen of what humanities means as it is defined by various sources. I have chosen a cultural event from my life in which I will elaborate on to inform the reader of its importance in my own life and the culture around me. I will also utter how this expression of culture and its relevant to what I know about the humanities, art, style, sense experience, and culture of the time period it represents. Last to be discussed is how the chosen expres sion of culture compares with otherwise forms from the same time period.Humanities DefinedAccording to Humanities Council of Washington D. C. (n. d. ), The Humanities are the disciplines that help us understand and define cultures, and human experience, including history, anthropology, literature, art history, ethics, philosophy and jurisprudence (Humanities Council of Washington, D. C. Functional Humanities). Humanities can help promote a culture or civilizations heritage and history as nearly as its literature. Humanities also serve a vital role in community issues and help to promote ones dread of human values, traditions, issues faced by society.The term humanities according to The Congressional Act establishing the National Endowment for the Humanities includes the study as rise as ones interpretation of modern and classical languages, literature, linguistics, history, archeology, philosophy, ethics, religions, and the history, and theory of the arts (Humanities Council of Washington D. C. , n. d. ). Humanities cover a wide array of areas and time frames. Cajun unison I chose Cajun medicine because I have a rich cultural tie to Cajun music growing up around this musical type. I check Cajun music has a little bit of several types of music played because of its turns and lyrics.The first Cajun records came out in 1928, but it was not until the 1960s that the genre became well known beyond Louisiana (National Geographic Society, 1996-2012). Cajuns are known for their love of dancing, including two-stepping, and waltzing. Cajun songs with its deep emotion and rhythms that make an individual want to get up and bounce goes hand-in-hand to tailor to these cultural inclinations. According to National Geographic Society (1996-2012), Many of the songs have their origins in old Acadian and French songs, but Creole, Celtic, African, Anglo-Saxon and Amerindian influences were also picked up along the way (Cajun Music).Many Cajun songs have lyrics in Frenc h-Acadian and include a rook and accordion, which gives the music its unique sound. My experiences with Cajun music stems from listening to my grandfather play the fiddle and sing in French. I was not always aware of what was said but by traditions and my culture I have learned to embrace the music and rich cultural beliefs my ancestors have laid out for me to learn from. How Cajun music tailors to my knowledge of humanities, art, style, genius, and culture of the time period it represents.When I evaluate what humanities means, I can better understand how Cajun music fits in because this type of music, which was once more localized to it its origins in Louisiana but now has a chain reactor appeal and has become popular throughout North America and abroad. Humanities are about the arts and ones culture. The style of modern daytime Cajun music displays its sounds anywhere from gospel, jazz, to rock-in-roll. Where it was once more primitive style of music and sung acapella, nowadays includes instruments, and a mixture between French and English wording.The genius of Cajun music originates from Cajuns telling their story and intergrading their culture into the music. The cultural time period Cajun music represents would coincide with the movement from more classical music to rhythm and blues, rock-and roll, country, bluegrass, gospel, and jazz. Cajun music is a music transcending time and has evolved like all the previously mentioned styles of music. How Cajun music compares with other forms of culture from the sametime period.The evolution of Cajun music compares well to other styles of music but lack the use of technology instrumentally mostly. This type of music displays historic and modern day Cajun cultural beliefs and makes an individual want to dance. As in any art ones location has much to do with it cultural styles. Conclusion Humanities are instrumental in understand a civilizations culture and learning from history to help an individual make wise de cision for the future.Cajun music is the cultural even I chose because I have lived it all of my life, and it is part of my culture. References Georgia Humanities Council. (2009-2013). Georgia Humanities Council. Retrieved from http//www. georgiahumanities. org/about-us Humanities Council of Washington D. C.. (n. d. ). Defining the Humanities. Retrieved from http//www. wdchumanities. org/docs/defininghumanities. pdf National Geographic Society. (1996-2012). Nat Geo Music. Retrieved from http//worldmusic. nationalgeographic. com/view/page. basic/genre/content. genre/cajun_700.

Hannibal and the Carthaginian Empire Essay

Hannibal was great and famous perfidious general. He is remembered for his great strategic s go throughs on the action field and as a great military chief. Born in late 247 BC, was the oldest son of Hamilcar Barca. In 237 BC, Hamilcar took his nine year old son, Hannibal, to the altar of a Carthaginian god and made him pledge eternal hatred to the Romans. Then Hannibal and his father left for Spain. The headquarters of Carthaginian power in Spain was the city of reinvigorated Carthage. Hannibal saw immediately his fathers techniques for war .When Hamilcar perished in the battle of 230 BC, his son-in-law, Hasdrubal, became the military leader plus the political leader and continued Carthages drag in Spain. In 226 BC Hasdrubal signed an agree custodyt with the Romans. The agreement stated that neither soldiers could cross the Ebro River in the northern Spain . When Hasdrubal was murdered in 221 BC, the Carthaginians collectively elected twenty-six-year-old Hannibal to be the lead er in Carthaginian regime and commandant of the host in Spain. After Hamilcars death Hannibal became an excellent military leader. d make the stairs Hannibals control the Carthaginians made large territorial advances (I-cias). He learned quickly how to be a leader and with the support of his brothers he was able to succeed done his battles. Hannibal was crossing the Alps and was able to receive rations for a couple days. On the third day he captured a Gallic town and provided the army from its stores with rations for devil or three days (Alps). He wanted the best for his army, but had little support from Carthage. Despite the number of men falling from the army imputable to natural disasters he managed to recruit others.Even if some(prenominal) fell from his army during this march because of snowstorms, landslides, and attacks from hostile local tribes, he managed to recruit new personnel a foresightful the route. His strategy was to respond quickly to these natural disasters and it helped him. Hannibal earned his success by enduring hardships with his recruits and reinforcements. Hannibal experienced many challenges including battle delays little amount of military equipment and a small number of reinforcements from home. Other military leaders knew he would not be able to handle a delay due to the lack of supplying he took for each battle.He Fabius, Roman Military Leader believed that Hannibal lacked the equipment for a prolonged siege and that a delay in the battle would seriously reduce the Carthaginian food supply. Rome believed that delays would end in the conquering of Hannibal because of the lack of necessities at that place was little he could do. Hannibal began to suffer during his career due to the lack of food. battle of Zama was the only defeat. Hannibal suffered in his military career . After his defeat his enemies began to discover his weakness.Hannibal was running out of everything during the Battle of Cannae and his help refused to aid him. Hannibal needed reinforcements, which the Carthaginian government refused to furnish, and he also lacked siege weapons . Hannibals restrictions could have given him success, had he been willing to bargain with another force greater so his own. Hannibal was the instrument of his own undoing. Hannibal was set on being the conqueror and set on some one elses defeat, which lead him to his own. His enemy, Rome, was the center of his downfall.He would never settle and there was no satisfaction between them. In 218, he clashed with the Roman army. The Romans claimed that this was a break of an existing treaty between Rome and Carthage and demanded Hannibal surrendered to themthe Second Punic state of war started (I-cias). If Hannibal conquered Romans he would never be able to rule over. According to legend, Hamilcar had made the young Hannibal swear on a sacred altar that he would perch an enemy of Rome for life . Hannibal had made a promise to his father, therefore intending to g o on with nothing.The loss of the second city of Italy cost Hannibal the allegiance of many of his Italian allies and put an end to his hopes of further replenishing his army from their ranks . Hannibal had lost it all. His hope had been limited at this point. Hannibal both succeeded and failed. He never won the police wagon of the people therefore he was never able to truly be victorious. Hannibal married a Spanish princess and conquered the surrounding land and took hostages from the adjacent tribes to assure their devotion to him without crossing the Ebro River, except for the city of Saguntum, an ally of Rome.When Saguntum began trouble between Carthage and Rome in 219 BC, Hannibal invaded the city. This began the Second Punic War . After hearing the declaration of war Hannibal immediately starts off towards Rome. The problem was he had to go by land since Rome controlled the seas. Hannibal began a long and hazardous expedition across the Pyrenees and the Alps in August of 218 , with battle elephants walking at the front of his army . In the spring of 218 BC, Hannibal handed over command of the Spanish armies to his brother Hasdrubal.He then led his troops north toward the Pyrenees Mountains and began one of the most famous journeys in history . Hannibals army included Libyans and Numidians from North Africa, Iberians and Celtiberians from Spain, and Gauls from Spain, France, and Italy. There were thirty-five gram foot soldiers, twelve thousand horsemen, and fifty war elephants. Hannibal used the elephants to break infantry lines and to create fear and disorder. The elephants also frightened horses, so they were able to adjourn the enemys cavalry . In the Pyrenees, Hannibal encountered resistance from local tribes.He lost a lot of his men to fighting, and some of the mercenaries went home because they were scared of the long journey. With all this, Hannibal continued to move as quickly as possible, but bad luck fell into Hannibals lap as early snows and landslides kill many of his men and almost all of his war elephants . He enters Italy with only twenty-six thousand men and five or six war elephants in September 218. Hannibal and his troops spent the winter in Po Valley. In the spring of 217 BC When news of Hannibals army reached Rome, the Gauls of northern Italy revolted.They joined Hannibal in fighting the Romans. Now Hannibal had a sufficient army of infantry and cavalry. The Romans had plans to attack Carthage and New Carthage, but they had to be delayed because of the rebelling tribes in Italy and the approach of Hannibal. So the Romans send troops under the command of Publius Cornelius Scipio, to stop Hannibal at Massilia . Massilia is on the French coast where the Rhone River runs into the Mediterranean Sea. The Rhone is a wide river with a swift current, so it was a great obstacle to Hannibal.Scipios troops set up camp by the sea, thinking that Hannibal would reach Massilia in the near future. But he did not realize how f ast Hannibal was moving his troops . When Scipio received news of Hannibal, it was too late. Hannibal had moved his entire army across the Rhone, fifty miles north of Massilia . Although Hannibals army had been reduced to twenty-six thousand infantry, nine thousand horses, and five or six elephants, it was a great accomplishment to get across the Rhone. To transport the elephants, the men built rafts .When the Alps came into view, Hannibal allowed his army a few days to rest, because he knew that his army had doubts about crossing the Alps. Never before had elephants crossed the Alps. The army did not reach the Alps until late in the year, and many troops and horses were killed. Some troops who came from warmer climates died from the cold. Some troops died of hunger because food was soon to come by. Others died in fights with mountain tribes. Some of the mountain tribes rolled big stones down the mountains and caused men and animals to fall from the narrow mountain passage .

Rhetorical Devices in Night Walker by Brent Staples

Brent Staples uses vivid language and rhetorical devices to express and convey the elements of fear, anger, and violence. We all make umpteen decisions based on sometime(prenominal) experiences. Thats how we learn to avoid touching a hot image burner for example. Its also about how we learn to do things that bring us pleasure. So we all take on discriminating behavior, but when that discrimination is based purely on the color on that persons skin, or his ethnicity, without knowing anything else about that person, it becomes racism.Being a malicious looking black man, walkway the streets at night may give someone the idea that youre a rapist, killer, robber, or even a stalker. close everyone has experienced these same emotions before and each has reacted similarly with varying degrees. Immediately in the first paragraph, Staples depicts a woman walking and the fear she experiences dude to stereotyping. In the story he relies on imagery and prevalent experiences to emphasize th is emotion. She cast back a worried glace. (paragraph. 1) That imagery perfectly conveys the emotion of fear.When youre walking alone at night and someone sketchy follows you, its easy to draw on your past experiences and conclude you should be worried. Staples then uses sarcasm to display his disapproval of the womans false impression. She picked up her pace and was soon running in earnest. Within seconds she disappe bed into the street. (paragraph. 1) Due to his ethnicity, the woman feared that she was going to be a victim of violence. His choices of words convey a negative connotation and reinforce the fear factorLiving in a small town where gang warfare, street knifings, and murders are vernacular, these circumstances can inflict trauma and affect hostile emotions. I grew up one of the good boys, had perhaps a half-dozen first fights. In retrospect, my bashfulness of combat has a clear source. (paragraph. 6) Staples emphasizes that the violence experiences he witnessed as a k id were the root causes for the peachy cause imprinted on his psyche. As a boy I saw countless tough guys locked out I have buried several, too.They were babies, really a teenage cousin, a brother of 22, a childishness friend in his mid-20s all gone down in episodes of bravado played out in the streets. (paragraph. 6) Staples uses personal stories of conflict and pathos to illustrate violence and the emotional/physical price it has on people and their attitudes. Being subject to racism and discrimination is demeaning and debilitating. In fact they can lead you to anger. relatively speaking, however, I never fared as badly as another black male journalist. (paragraph. ) Stemming from racism is common when someone is mistreated or falsely accused of something because of their race. Mistaking the reporter for the killer, police officers hauled him from his car at gunpoint and but for his press credentials would probably have tried to book him. Such episodes are not uncommon. Bla ck men trade tales like this all the time. (paragraph. 8) Staples portrays anger using euphemism and implies that the anger sterns from stereotyping of African Americans. These real life experiences and the vivid imagery give the reader an acute awareness into the harmful effects of racism..Fear, violence, and anger brought on by racism all provide the foundation of the story Night pedestrian by Brent Staples. The author uses personal life experiences and vivid imagery to ingress upon the reader the trespass of discrimination. Not only does he use rhetorical devices, he uses concrete details to create a stronger more profound effect on the reader. Being subjected to racism is demeaning and debilitating and results in a toxic environment for the person being subjected to these acts of ignorant discrimination.

Muet vs Ielts

MUET VERSUS IELTS. In todays global world, the importance of incline toilettenot be denied and ignored since slope is the most universal run-in spoken everywhere. Although Malay language is our mother tongue, we still have to mortify this language if we want to compete with other international countries. With the help of developing technology, English has been playing a major role in many sectors including medicine, engineering, and education is the most important arena where English is needed.Particularly, as a developing country, Malaysia needs to make use of this world-wide spoken language in order to try on its international power. Consequently, English should be the medium of instruction at universities in Malaysia. The reason for why English should be the medium of instruction at universities in Malaysia is that it helps students abide by a high quality jobs for students and the common language is obviously English. Next and the most important, it enables students to co mmunicate with the international world and at once we can compete with other emerging international countries.So, to align with national development, Malaysia has established Malayan University English try on (MUET) and International English Language Testing System (IELTS) to help students nowadays to improve a muss in English language. Firstly, the Malaysian University English Test (MUET) is an exam which measure the ability to use and regard English as it is spoken, written and heard in university campuses. This essay is set and run by the Malaysian Examinations Council.MUET is created for Malaysia public universities enrolment needs and comprising 4 comp matchlessnts that are bewareing, speak, reading and piece of music. It is categorized into six bands or levels and scarce recognized in Malaysia and Singapore. Each components of this exam has its own scores. The maximum scores for each component is 45 for Listening and Speaking,120 for Reading and 90 for Writing, with the total score of 300. The scores are then graded in 6 bands, with Band 6 the highest and Band 1 the lowest.Firstly for audience show, candidates allow be required to listen to recorded texts twice and decide questions consisting of information transfer, short-answer questions, and three option multiple selection questions and 4-option multiple choice questions. For speaking assay, candidates go out be required to perform the individual presentation and theme discussion. For the individual presentation, candidates depart be given 2 minutes to prepare for the given task and 2 minutes to present. Candidates will also listen to the other candidates while they are making their presentations and take down notes for the group discussion.For the group discussion that consists of 4 students, candidates will be given 2 minutes to prepare points to support or oppose the other candidates views. After listening to everyone in the group, candidates will make a conclusion ground on thei r topic. The group will be given 10 minutes for the group discussion. For reading test, candidates will be required to answer the questions that comprises 45 multiple choice questions based on the texts which may be taken from journals, news piece of musics or magazines sources. Lastly for writing test, candidates will be required to put out 2 essays.This paper comprises two writing tasks that are interpretation of information based on specific stimuli provided and extended writing based on a given topic. Secondly, the International English Language Testing System (IELTS) is an examination specially designed to assess a candidates competency in the English language for university studies. The IELTS examination is recognised by universities in the United Kingdom, Europe, Australia and New Zealand. IELTS also conforms to the highest to the highest international standards of language assessment.Its mapping is to find out what level band of English from 0-9. Usually people need to tak e the IELTS test if applying for a job or to study in a college or university in an English-speaking or the immigrants. There are two modules of the IELTS test which are academic and prevalent. The academic module is for the future students and for the general module is or immigrants. Besides, the format for IELTS is same as MUET which include four tests which are reading, writing, speaking and listening. The listening test takes about 40 minutes.The 30 minutes early for listen to a tape and to answer questions on what you hear and then 10 minutes left to transfer answers to the answer sheet. Next, reading test takes one hour and the task is to read passages of text and answer questions according to what you have read. Then, the writing test that also takes one hour and divided into two sub part. The first 20 minutes for write a letter or report and other 40 minutes to write an essay. The last one is speaking test that takes up to 15 minutes and consists of three parts which are pe rsonal interview, clue card talk and discussion.In additional, all the test is continue one after another but for the speaking test get a break or been held on a different day. In conclusion, IELTS is more better compare with MUET. This is because the benefits of taking IELTS are many. If we equivalent to study in world class universities like The Oxford University, Cambridge University, University of Bridgeport, University of California Berkeley, San Francisco State University we must take IELTS. Once we are graduated from any of these universities, our career begins with a fantastic position heading toward a bright future.Moreover, we will get exposed to the best mental as well as socio-economic environment that would nurture outstanding personality in us. Thus, we can find a dramatic change in our intellectual, professional and financial spheres. Further, we can have access to physical exertion abroad by writing the IELTS General Module. We can enjoy incredible lifestyle and financial aegis if we are employed in the United Kingdom, Australia or New Zealand and the most important we can collect access to on-going support from some of the worlds leading language assessment experts.Although IELTS is more lubber compare to MUET but we still can work harder to success as English proverb says it doesnt kill you make you stronger. For many years, English has been the common wold-wide language, and it will be in the future. For this reason, if you want to company trends, new gadgets and technology, modernization of the developing world, you have to know English whatever age you are in. ?

‘Lord of the Flies’ by William Golding and ‘The Withered’ Arm by Thomas Hardy Essay

pull out how bad is presented in gentle of the wing by William G gagaing and The lessen Arm by Thomas Hardy. cleric of the flies is a level that begins in the after a plane crash in the peaceable Ocean during an unnamed war in which a group of English schoolboys are isolated on what they assume to be an island, under no adult supervision they are left to defend for themselves crap their own friendships and fight their own battles. As the story unfolds the boys develop a miniature society in which they try to include rules and order, plainly, each with their own ideas of right and wrong and aroundtimes totally different priorities, difficulties unavoidably arise, their little community collapses and the boys are thrown into a world of hurt and fear.There were three main(prenominal) characters in this story, which affected the entire group and how they be acceptd. Jack began as the arrogant and self righteous attractor of the tribe. There was porcine, who in no doubt an i ntelligent, practical and a sensible thinker. He is the mouth region of apprehension and rea boy on the island, and is a good planner who can think logically and prioritise things which was attendingfully ordained by Ralph who was an organised psyche, sensible and had a quite a bit of k this instantledge on survival. In the story we see the true wrong that outcome from these boys.In the following paragraphs I am going to describe the crime that was used by William Golding in his novel Lord of the Flies.The prototypal signs of evil emerging from the boys appeared when Jack and his hunters killed a pig and re-enacted the killing. In the process people were injured and the chanting that became a ritual began at this time. Although Jacks ambition to kill a pig had been fulfilled, he now had a taste of the glory and sense of power. This meant that he was by no means well-provided to have killed integrity pig, exclusively would instead continue to do so. It is remarkable that J ack felt it was incumbent to kill pigs, seeing that there was a large number of people on the island.It is important to bankers bill how much the boys gentle military manage to achieve before their inner evil destroy their senses of responsibility and rea give-and-take, that is, before the boys heretoforetually come to savagery and violence. They discover fire, they build shelters, they explore the island, they go on hunting trips, and they delegate neighborly responsibilities. Initially, one would be inclined to think that Jacks summitership is a poor one as he relies on brute strength. However, Jack is clever enough to know that the boys survival is as important as rescue. Food has to be hunted for nutritional needs (which Ralph tries to deny).Are there ghosts, Piggy, or beasts?Ralph seems to depend on Piggy quite a lot resembling an adult to guide him the way, but the mistake that Ralph does not see is that Piggy is not an adult. This is a clever technique used by Golding as he is building up the tension and the readers testament be urged to read on.An some other significant event took place during the killing of the pig, the hunters let the fire out, and there was open violence from Jack, when Jack was confronted by Piggy, Jack swung at Piggy and broke one of his lens off his glasses which was an important piece of equipment, as the glasses, meant they could have a fire which enables them to be rescued. This illustrates how Jack was being overcome by his evil inside him.The Lord of the Flies is represented in the form of a pigs header on a stick, which appeared to speak to Simon in the forest, while he was experiencing one of his epileptic fits. Golding uses this to show that the evil on this island has come from within the boys themselves. Simon accordingly climbed the mountain and discovered that the swaying beast was in fact a dead pilot.This is gone far enough. My poor misguided child. Do you think you know better then I do?Simon thinks of t he pigs head (The Lord Of The Flies) as the symbol of their descent from civilized behaviour to animalistic savagery. It is because of the pigs head that Simon realizes that nature can be brutal and horrifying, an idea that clashes with his previous love of nature and the spirituality inbuilt in it. Simon frames nature in terms of its how want Eden it is, but the Lord of the Flies is a challenge of that view.Most importantly of all, Golding reveals that there is indeed a better side to mans nature through his character, Simon. Throughout the novel, Simon is portrayed as a Christ-like figure and a saint.Unfortunately, it was at this point where the evil came out among all of the boys, as Simon was mistaken for the beast and the boys were all overcome by the evil inside them and the ritual begun once again as it did with the pig and Simon was brutally killed in secrete of the beast. In this part of the novel we see that evil has overcome the boys and there is no longer either stru cture at all left within the boys.Following Simons death it becomes crystallize that none of the tribe would rent that they had become evil and had just sabotaged a human being, but Ralph on the other hand could see what they had become and confronted Piggy saying that was murder, Piggy kfresh what had happened but tried to cut across it by coming up with lame excuses like it was dark. Ralph had learned from this and controlled the evil inside him.When Piggy got his glasses stole by the other tribe Ralph and Piggy knew that they had lost all their power. So the still way to regain that power would be to get Piggys glasses back. Unfortunately this lead to more hatred when the devil tribes started to argue and it was obvious that Jacks tribe had the most power and during this program line Roger decided to push a Rock onto Piggy leaving him dead, which shows that Jacks tribe was just processed evil and had no other thoughts than to kill.Towards the end of the novel Ralph was hun ted down like a screwball animal and the imagery Golding uses in this final chapter describes a world where insanity and evil rule. It is even possible that the boys now saw Ralph as the beast, which is why they hunted him down. Secondly, although all the boys were hunting Ralph to kill him, most of them likely did not realise what they were doing or why. This is because Jack had influenced their minds and half of them probably saw killing Ralph as a game. In view of the fact that Ralph was being hunted down by everyone on the island, we must accept that he would have been killed had it not been for the arrival of the Navy officer.It must be noted that Golding does not subscribe to allow Ralph to be killed. This could be because he does not wish to allow evil to win. The real capacity that Golding is trying to send out is if we have no rules or boundaries then we will behave like animals do so anything can be done, in this case killing has become a hobby.In Lord of the Flies, G olding suggests that once man is freed from social conditioning and obligation, the intrinsic sense of evil will be revealed in him. He destroys the optimistic view of human nature by showing how even the most innocent of all children can deteriorate into primitive savages once freed from the trappings of society.The actual storyline was pretty lame because a bunch of children just happened to crash on an island stranded, they all have a big tribunal war, people die, then the Ralph is in trouble and some navy guy appears and saves Ralph. This story was a bit too predictable, but the descriptive text in this novel is fascinating and keeps you reading.The wither leg is a pre-20th Century, short story. It is full of supernatural elements and coincidences.The story involves the characters Rhoda, a jealous middle-aged cleaning lady who has a son by sodbuster Lodge. Farmer Lodge has just married a young, beautiful woman called Gertrude. Rhoda being a jealous woman unconsciously conjur es up an evil incubus. This causes Gertrudes arm to weather, she tries all the cures she knows off, but resorts to using the supernatural to heal it. This leads to a dramatic ending.Right at the root of the story we are in suspense because there is much speculation about the new bride.At the beginning of the story it is thought that Rhoda and Gertrude are rivals, as they have both had a relationship with farmer lodge. They occupy traditional roles in the story Rhoda is the older neglected lover with her looks fading. Gertrude is the young, beautiful blooming new wife. Age, beauty, status and social class divide them.Rhoda is extremely jealous of Gertrude we know this because she sends her son to spy on the new wife see if she is dark Her jealousy is what leads to the first element of the supernatural, which is her nightmare. Stricken with jealousy, her subconscious thoughts line up in her sleep as she innocently dreams of grabbing Gertrudes arm in a last frightening effort, swung out her right hand, seized the confronting spectre by its obtrusive left arm. Rhodas first reaction to Gertrude is of horror and fear.In her dream, she sees Mrs. Lodge as a figure with features shockingly distorted and wrinkled by old age. Hardy uses simple diction to convey the horror of the nightmare. He also uses emotive language like maddened and mockingly. Rhodas nightmare can be explained as coincidence, as a personal manifestation of the girls unconscious awareness of the situation. Rhodas dream creates suspense and words much(prenominal) as phantom keep it going. The next morning we learn that the dream was real as her son asks what was that noise in your chimmer, mother last night. Did you fall out of bed around two oclock?The developing relationship amongst the two women has elements of the macabre. Rhoda often asks to see the wound, and seems fascinated by the clear indication of the marks of four fingers. Gertrude relies on Rhoda for a sympathetic understanding of th e growing estrangement between herself and her husband, who knows the disfigurement is there. The choice of the word disfigurement reveals his attitude to appearances.As the arm is getting get through and she has visited a define who cannot help her, she becomes increasing desperate for a cure as her husband is startle to love her less. She turns to Rhoda to take her to see Trendle much to her dismay. Rhoda fears for the loss of a good friendship. Trendle is a witch doctor and has powers other people dont, in the story many people believe in him, leave off Gertrude who says o, how could my people be so superstitious. She soon changes her mind and goes with Rhoda to visit him this is where it is revealed that Gertrude has an enemy medicine cant cure it. Is the work of an enemy. Trendle then reveals the face of her attacker to her. Gertrude reacts calmly when she finds out who it is as she says she does not care to speak of it. When she is talking to Rhoda and does not tell her wh at she saw. After this Rhoda and her son disappeared quietly.Over the next six years, Gertrudes arm continues to wither, and the fact that she had brought no children to her husband made her worry even more that Mr. Lodge would despise her.Mr. Lodge has superficial love for Gertrude which was based on her beauty the woman whom he had wooed for her beauty. But as her arm is getting worst we see that he starts to disregard her. She starts to age beyond her years she was now five-and-twenty but she seemed older. She becomes desperate for a cure and tries all sorts of remedies. This makes us feel sympathetic towards her. As a last resort she visits Tremble and tries to take advantage of his white magic, this leads to fatal results and her superstition, have with desperation, must be held accountable for this. He tells her she must touch with the limb the neck of a man whos been hanged.As time passed she considers this and wished o lord, hang some guilty or innocent person soon This sh ows how desperate she was becoming. Gertrudes meeting with the hangman reveals her obsession she has in fact prayed each evening for some guilty or innocent person to be hanged Rhoda and the hangman having a discussion in which she says o- a reprieve- I hope not Here she is saying even if the person is innocent she hopes he will not be let off.Through out the story it is full of irony- you have farmer Lodge marrying to have a son, even though he has one which he does not recognise. Hardy chose not to pass on the illegitimate son a name this may be because Lodge failed to recognise him, even though he wishes for a son I once thought of adopting a boy Gertrude befriends the boy but unknowingly wishes for his death, in which when she finds out the identity of the hanged man she dies from shock.The denouement of the finial gruesome meeting between the two women brings all interaction to an end. The scene is highly dramatic and needs few words. This is where we learn that it is Rhodas s on that has been hanged and due to this Gertrudes blood had been turned indeed- too far.In conclusion of both stories I think that Lord of the Flies represents horror in a more sophisticated way than The Withered Arm, saying that Lo-rd of the Flies was written when there was no TV this virtually inserts images into your thoughts, the only thing with Lord of the Flies was the actual storyline as it was too unreal because if there was a plane crashes, unremarkably there is hardly any survivors but in this case, the whole troop survived In conclusion the diminish arm is an effective story of the supernatural from the point of view from the reader. When it was written as people severely believed in the supernatural and witchcraft, this is another reason the story is effective. It differs from todays horror stories, as it is not full of blood and guts.

Higher Education Essay

The report is based on information and impressions which the delegation obtained during the study tour. Information was likewise gathered from sources such as the websites of the organisations and institutions visited and from agencies including the field Office of Overseas Skills Recognition (NOOSR) in Australia, World principle method Services (WES) in the USA, IAU and UNESCO/IAU among others. At several places in the text, sources guide been specific eithery intimateed. An sumal list of sources put up be found in the app completeices. 3 The report describes the system of genteelness in India and the quality self-assurance system.Chapter 1 introduces the administration of the sh on the wholeow system and the organisation of pristine, secondary and melloweder secondary pedagogics, while Chapter 2 provides information ab discover technical and vocational tuition. Chapter 3 outlines the system of higher raising by reviewing the institutional organise with a discussion of both public and private upbringing. Information on degree organise and grading systems is include, as well as frameworks of some bachelor degree programmes. In Chapter 4, teacher upbringing at higher secondary level and at university level is described.Chapter 5 presents Indias response to globalization in the higher education sector. The last chapter deals with the quality assurance consummation in education, both at secondary and higher level. Impressions and reflections about the education system and how it functions be incorporated into the report in frames where appropriate. expanse Profile India is one of the worlds oldest civilisations, dating back to 2,500 B. C. Aryan tribes from the northwest invaded the country in about 1,500 B. C. their merger with the earlier Dravidian inhabitants created the ground levelical Indian culture.Arab incursion starting in the eighth deoxycytidine monophosphate and Turkish in the twelfth century were followed by those of Europe an traders, beginning in the late ordinal century. By the nineteenth century, Great Britain had assumed political control of virtually all Indian lands. Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru helped end British colonialism done non-violent resistance. India achieved independence in 1947. The Republic of India was completed in 1947 and comprises 32 states and Union Territories, the latter(prenominal) controlled by the commutation governing. The country covers about 3.3 million squ are kilometres with a population of 1. 029 one thousand thousand and dominates southern Asia. It is slightly larger than one-third the size of the United States. India is home to 17% of the worlds total population, accommodated in an area that is 2. 4% of the worlds total area. India has the worlds twelfth largest economy and the third largest in Asia behind Japan and China, with a total GDP of around $570 billion. Services, constancy and agriculture account for 50. 7%, 26. 6% and 22. 7% of GDP respecti vely. The United States is Indias largest trading partner. reversible trade in two hundred3 was $18. 1 billion.There are some 16 official major lyric poems and 844 dialects. Among these languages, position enjoys associate status, further is the most important language for home(a), political, and commercial discourse. Hindoo is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people. The other official languages are Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit. Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language. Hinduism (80. 5%), Islam (13. 4%), Christianity (2.3%), Sikh (1. 9%) are the major religions in the country.The literacy rate is 52% (of the total population of age 15 or older). 4 Chapter 1 usual development Administration of culture The central and the state governments work joint responsibility for education, with freedom for the state governments to organise education within the national framework of education. educational policy planning is under the overall charge of the central Ministry of benignant Resource Development which includes the surgical incision of Elementary raising and Literacy and the Department of subsidiary and higher(prenominal) precept.The Ministry is guided by the Central consultive scorecard of direction (CABE) which is the national level advisory body. The education ministers of all the different states are members of the board. The home(a) Council of education Research and facts of life (NCERT) (1961) defines the National Frame political platform for classes I cardinal. It also functions as a preference centre in the field of school development and teacher education. State Councils of educational Research and formulation (SCERT) are the principal research and development institutions in all the states.At secondary level, school boards at state le vel affiliate schools and set interrogation standards in accordance with the national framework. The Central instrument panel of collateral Education (CBSE) and Council for Indian shoal surety examens (CISCE) cover all India besides the National set of hand give instructioning (NIOS). National polity on General Education Under the national constitution, education was a state matter until 1976. The central government could only provide guidance to the states on policy issues. In 1976 the constitution was amended to include education on the concurrent list.The initial attempts of designing a National Education Policy were made in 1968 but it was only in 1986 that India as a whole had a uniform National Policy on Education. The National Policy on Education 1986, modified in 1992, defines the major goals for elementary education as universal access and enrolment, universal safekeeping of barbarianren up to 14 historic period and substantial profit in the quality of educati on. The National Policy of Education of 1992 also begins at vocationalisation of secondary education and greater use of educational technology.The policy has been accompanied by several programmes such as the District Primary Education Program (DPEP) launched in 1994 and the National agitate for Education for All (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan) launched in 2001/2. A proposed bill on the right to education (draft, November 2005) stresses the right of all children from age 6 until their 15th birth daytime to receive elementary education either in school or non-formal education (NFE). The Indian government is preparing the universalisation of secondary education (USE).The main aim is to provide high quality secondary education to all Indian adolescents up to the age of 16 by 2015, and elderberry bush secondary education up to the age of 18 by 2020. 5 Crucial problems in India are teacher absenteeism, noted by UNESCO in 2005 high teacherpupil ratios and inadequate teach materials and facili ties, particularly in unsophisticated areas. At the other end of the scale, children attending urban schools, especially middle and upper class children in private schools, are subjected to extreme competition from a very early age in come out to qualify for admission into the best schools.In 1979-80, the Government of India, Department of Education launched a programme of Non-Formal Education (NFE) for children of 6-14 forms age group, who cannot join regular schools drop-outs, working children, children from areas without easy access to schools etc. The initial rivet of the scheme was on ten educationally backward states. Later, it was extended to urban slums, and hilly, tribal and desert areas in other states. Source UNESCO India, updated August 2003 and Annual Report 2004/5, Ministry of Human Resource Development, India (overview). Newsletter, October-December 2005, International Institute for Educational Planning, UNESCO. Learning without Burden, NCERT, 1993, reprinted 20 04. Annual report 2004/5, Ministry of Human Resource Development, India (annexes). School Education A uniform structure of school education, the 10+2 system, has been adopted by all the states and Union Territories (UTs) of India following the National Policy on Education of 1986. Elementary school, Class I VIII, is recognised as the period of dogmatic schooling, with the constitutional amendment making education a fundamental right.A majority of the states and Union Territories (UTs) have introduced free education in classesI- cardinal. In states/UTs where education is not free for classes IX and above, the one-year fee varies considerably. The pre-school covers two to trine years. The elementary put dwells of a primary stage comprising Classes I-V (in some states I-IV), followed by a middle stage of education comprising Classes VI -VIII (in some states V-VIII or VI -VII). The minimum age for admission to Class I of the primary school is world-widely 5+ or 6+.The secondary stage consists of Classes IX-X (in some states VIII-X), and a senior secondary stage of schooling comprising classes XI-XII in all states. In some states/UTs these classes are prone to universities/colleges. The number of working days of school education in a year is generally to a greater extent than 200 days in all the states/UTs. let outicipation in primary and secondary education The earn Enrolment Ratio (GER), which indicates the number of children actually enrolled in elementary schools as a proportion of child population in the 6-14 years age group, has increased progressively since 1950-51, rising from 32.1% to 82. 5% in 2002-03, according to statistics produce by the Ministry of Human Resource Development in India. The rate of increase in GER of girls has been higher than that of boys. The dropout rate at the primary level (Classes I-V) declined from 39% in 2001-02 to 34. 9% in 2002-03. however the GER only covers 61% of children from classes VI to VIII. 6 In 2002/3 t he dropout rate was estimated at 34. 9% at the end of lower primary classes and 52. 8% at the end of upper primary. The dropout rate was 62. 6% at the end of secondary school (Class X).There are wide disparities among the different states in the number of children terminate primary and secondary school from less than 20% to more(prenominal) than 80%, according to the central statistics from the Ministry of Human Resource Development. Source Selected Educational Statistics 2002-03. Provisional. Ministry of Human Resource Development, India Annual Report 2004/5. Ministry of Human Resource Development, India petty(a) Education. Department of Secondary and Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development, India (information on the Departments website) National Curricula.The National Council of Education Research and Training (NCERT) formulated the eldest Curriculum precedent in 1975 as a recommendation to the individual states. NCERT was accorded the responsibility of d eveloping a binding National Curriculum Framework through the National Policy on Education (NPE) (1986). NCERT reviews the course every five years on the base of operations of consultations within the whole school sector. The core areas of the curriculum are common. Teaching of English is usually compulsory in classes VI-X in most of the states/UTs. NCERT published a New National Curriculum framework in 2005.The New National Curriculum testament be introduced in textbooks in leash phases Phase one, 2006-07 classes I, III, VI, IX and XI. Phase two, 2007-08 classes II, IV, VII, X and XII Phase three, 2008-09 classes V and VIII NCERT has gradually been changing the curriculum from conventional information provision to be more molder-oriented and competence-based. National Curriculum Framework 2000 The National Curriculum Framework 2000 operates with the concept of the Minimum Levels of Learning (MLLs) identifying authoritative essential levels of learning for each stage of schoo l education.Pre-primary education The National Policy on Education defines the objective of early childhood care and education (ECCE) as being the total development of children in the age group 0-6 years. primaeval Childhood Education (ECE) or pre-primary education (2 years), part of the ECCE, shall prepare children for school. Teaching at this stage, according to the National Curriculum Framework, comprises group activities, shirkway techniques, language games, number games and activities directed at promoting neighborlyisation and environmental awareness among children. Formal teaching of subjects and reading and writing are prohibited.However, NCERT strongly criticised the actual pre-school programmes for exposing children to structured formal learning, often in 7 English with tests and homework, in the introductory notes to the new National Curriculum Framework 2005. The competition for the best education starts at a very early age. Newspapers from September 2005 in India rep ort of tremendous pressure on three-year old children being prepared by their parents for babys room interviews and competing with a huge number of other children for places in the most prestigious private pre-schools.The newspapers report on private persons/ installs that offer help to parents in preparing their children for nursery interviews. Other newspapers report the lead for psychological support for children having developed speaking difficulties after having been exposed to severe preparation by their parents for nursery interviews. Primary education At the primary stage, emphasis is on the form of understanding, thinking and internalising. The National Curriculum contains the following subjects capable wrangle(s) Lower primary Classes I-II The fix tongue/regional language.Lower primary Classes III-V The mother tongue/regional language Upper primary Classes VI-VIII Three Languages the mother tongue/the regional language, a modern Indian language and English All kind of racy activities including the childs own creations Essentials of mathematics for every day activities, including geometry fine art education Mathematics Art of healthy and productive living Woven around the world of the learner Creative education, health and somatogenetic education, work education, value inculcation Integrated approach Environmental studies Health and physical education intuition and technology Social sciences pee-pee education Integrated approach to music, dance, drama, drawing and painting, puppetry, health and physical education, games and sports, yoga and productive work Experiences to help socio- emotional and cultural development with a realistic awareness and perception of phenomena occurring in the environment Games and sports, yoga, NCC and scouting and guiding Key concepts across all the disciplines of science, local and global concerns Social, political and frugal situation of India and the world, including Indian cultural heritage.Academic skills social skills and civic competencies Agricultural and technological processes including participation in work situation Source National Curriculum Framework 2000 8 In all language education programmes, the stress is placed on the ability to use the language in speech and in writing for academic purposes, at the workplace and in society in general. The eon of a class period may be around 40 minutes and, according to NCERT, the school year should be a minimum of 180 days, and A primary school should function for five hours a day out of which four hours may be set aside for culture.For the upper primary and secondary schools, the duration of a school day should be six hours out of which five hours should be kept for instruction and the rest for the other routine activities. Secondary education (2 years, grades IX-X) In grades IX-X the scheme of studies should include the following subjects three languages (the mother tongue/the regional language, a modern Indian language a nd English), mathematics, science and technology, social sciences, work education, art education, health and physical education.Foreign languages such as Chinese, Japanese, Russian, French, German, Arabic, Persian and Spanish may be offered as additional options. The curriculum in mathematics should say into account both the learning requisite of learners who ordain leave school for working life, and of students who will pursue higher education.According to the NECRT Secondary School Curriculum 2002-2004 (Vol.1, Main Subjects) the suggested number of weekly periods per subject in grade X is as follows Subject Language I Language II Mathematics Science and technology Social science Work education or pre-vocational education Art education Suggested number of periods in grade X 7 6 7 9 9 3 + 2 to 6 periods outside school hours 2 The boards, however, according to NCERT, often offer limited or no optional feasts two languages (one of which is English), mathematics, science and social sciences are the typical question subjects.A few boards encourage students to choose an optional course from a range that includes economics, music and cookery. Higher secondary/Senior secondary education (2 years, grades XIXII) The curriculum at this stage is divided into an academic stream and a vocational stream. Academic stream The objectives of academic courses are to promote problem-solving abilities and convey higher levels of knowledge. The curriculum at this stage comprises foundation courses and elective courses. Foundation courses consist of (i) language and literature, (ii) work education, and (iii) health and physical education, games and sports.The study of language prepares a student to both learn and use language in the classroom, the community and the workplace. The choice of the language to be studied is decided by the learner. Work education includes e. g. developmental projects in a village or city. Generic vocational Courses (GVC) aim at developing employment- related generic skills regardless of the persons occupations. The student should choose three elective courses out of the subjects 9 positive by the boards. Elective courses may include bridging courses between the academic and vocational streams.The list of courses may include modern Indian languages, Sanskrit, classical European languages and their literatures, English (academic and specialised), other foreign languages, subjects in the sciences and mathematics, figurer science, accountancy, business studies, engineering, political science, history, sociology, psychology, philosophy, fine arts and others. NCERT prescribes that courses should be listed together without dividing them into mutually exclusive groups. Nonetheless, several boards check the combinations in the form of a science stream, arts stream and commerce stream. around schools tailor their classes to medical and engineering courses. Universities restrict admissions based on the subjects and combinations of course s studied in the +2 stage. 60 percent of the instructional time is devoted to the instruction of elective subjects and forty percent to the foundation course. Vocational stream The introduction of the vocational stream was recommended by the central Kothari Commission (1964-66). The National Policy on Education, 1986 (revised 1992) set a target of twenty-five percent of higher secondary students in vocational courses by 1995.So far, enrolment is far below this. The courses for the vocational stream consist of A language course A general foundation course Health and physical education, and Elective vocational courses Vocational education covers areas like agriculture, engineering and technology (including information and communication technology), business and commerce, home science, health and para-medical services and humanities. Language courses are organised to cover the grammatical structures and additional vocabulary particular to the trade or vocation.The general foundati on course for the vocational stream comprises general studies, entrepreneurship development, environmental education, rural development and information and communication technology. Vocational electives are organised according to employment opportunities. Practical training is an essential component of the vocational courses, according to the National Curriculum Framework, with seventy percent of time devoted to vocational courses. The certificate issued should mention the competencies acquired and the credits earned. Organisation The organisation of teaching is based either on an annual or semester system.In most cases, a years course is divided into two parts to be cover in the two halves of an academic session in the annual system. Marks are accorded to a certain number of periods the total mark is an average of marks accorded to the different parts of curriculum in an annual or semestrial examination (e. g. a paper corresponding to a 3-hour written examination). 10 The example b elow copied from the Senior School Curriculum 2007 (Central jump on of Secondary Education) illustrates a typical curriculum (in history) and the supreme marks accorded to the different parts of the curriculum.History/Class XI Paper One Unit Part A Ancient India 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. . 30. Total Introduction Paleolithic Cultures and Beginning of settled Life Harappan Civilization The Early Vedic Period Later Vedic Phase and Iron Age South and North-East India ghostly traditions Mahajanapada Mauryas Society, Economy and Culture during Mauryan period Post-Mauryan India The age of India from Guptas and after The Society and Culture in the age of Guptas and Harsha have Work 100 marks 8 4 8 8 5 2 10 4 10 6 6 8 8 . 5 8 9 5 2 7 7 Time 3 Hours Periods 100 Marks Marks.In the semester system, recommended by NCERT, students take a number of credit hours corresponding to their requirements and capacity, and at their own pace. However, only a few institutions have ado pted the semester and credit system. National Curriculum Framework 2005 The National Curriculum Framework 2005 points out the need for plurality and flexibility within education while maintaining the standards of education in order to cover a growing variety of children. The Framework recommends that learning shifts away from rote methods and that the curriculum reduces and updates textbooks.Peace education is included as a dimension in education. The new curriculum proposes a broader spectrum of optional subjects, including the revalorisation of vocational options. Courses may be designed to offer optional modules, rather than trying to cover everything and overfilling courses too much. The National Curriculum Framework 2005 also proposes changes within the examination system (examinations for classes X and XII) allowing reasoning and creative abilities to replace memorisation. The children should be able to opt for different levels of attainment. Textbooks 11Most states have legis lated to create bodies for the preparation of syllabi and textbooks. The states have naturalised various mechanisms for the preparation and approval of textual materials. However, a study in 2005, undertaken by the Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE), of textbooks used in government schools (not following the CBSE syllabus) and in nongovernment schools (including social and religious schools) showed that many textbooks reinforce inequalities and neglect rural, tribal or female realities. According to NCERT Newsletter, in 2005, CABE proposed the institution of a National Textbook Council to monitor textbooks.Source National Curriculum Framework 2000, National Council of Education Research and Training (NCERT), India National Curriculum Framework 2005, National Council of Education Research and Training (NCERT), India Newsletter July 2005, National Council of Education Research and Training (NCERT), India Senior School Curriculum 2007, Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), India, 2005 Examination and Assessment In all the states and Union Territories, public examinations are conducted at the end of classes X and XII by the respective State Boards of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education.Ministry of Human Resource Development has published a list of recognised state boards for secondary and higher secondary education. The minimum age for introduction to the Secondary School Examination generally varies from 14+ to 16+. The minimum age for Higher Secondary School Examinations varies from 16+ to 18+ years. Some states/UTs do not have an age restriction. The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), established by a special resolution of the Government of India in 1929, prescribes examination conditions and the conduct of public examinations at the end of Standard X and XII.The Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), Delhi, was established in 1958 by the University of Cambridge, Local Examinations Syndicate as a self -financing national examination board. The Council conducts the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (Standard X) and the Indian School Certificate (Standard XII) examinations. CISCE affiliates schools using English as a strength of instruction. The title of the final qualification varies depending upon the examining body. The titles used by the central examining boards are CBSE All India Secondary School Certificate (Standard X). All India Senior School Certificate (Standard XII). 12 CISCE Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE Standard X). Indian School Certificate (ISC Standard XII). Certificate of Vocational Education (CVE XII). Information from the effect of the All India Senior School Certificate (Standard XII) (extract) The Board conducts examination in all subjects except General Studies, Work Experience, Physical and Health Education, which will be assessed internally by the schools based on additive records of students periodical motions and progress during the year.In all subjects examined by the Board, a student will be abandoned one paper each carrying 100 marks for 3 hours. However, in subjects requiring practical examination, there will be a theory paper and a practical examination as required in the syllabi and courses. A nominee may offer an additional subject that can be either a language at elective level or another elective subject as prescribed in the Scheme of Studies, subject to the conditions laid down in the Pass Criteria. A nominee will get the Pass Certificate of the Board, if he/she gets a grade higher than E in all subjects of internal assessment unless he/she is exempted.Failing this, result of the external examination will be withheld but not for a period of more than one year. In order to be declared as having passed the examination, a candidate shall obtain a grade higher than E (i. e. at least 33% marks) in all the five subjects of external examination in the main or at the compartmented examinations. The pass marks in each subject of external examination shall be 33%. In case of a subject involving practical work a candidate must obtain 33% marks in theory and 33% marks in practical separately in addition to 33% marks in aggregate in order to qualify in that subject.A candidate failing in two of the five subjects of external examination shall be placed in compartment in those subjects provided he/she qualifies in all the subjects of internal assessment. A candidate who has failed in the examination in the first attempt shall be required, to re-appear in all the subjects at the subsequent annual examination of the Board. A candidate who has passed the Senior School Certificate Examination of the Board may offer an additional subject as a private candidate provided the additional subject is provided in the Scheme of Studies and is offered within six years of passing the examination of the Board.A candidate who has passed an examination of the Board may appear for improvement of writ of execution in one or more subject(s) in the main examination in the succeeding year only however, a candidate who has passed an examination of the Board under Vocational Scheme may reappear for improvement of performance in one or more subjects) in the main examination in the succeeding year or in the following year provided he/she has not prosecute higher studies in the mean time. He /she will appear as private candidate.Candidates who appear for improvement of performance will be issued only Statement of Marks reflecting the marks of the main examination as well as those of the improvement examination. Central Board of Secondary Education Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) is one of the three national boards of secondary education in India. CBSE has affiliated around 8,300 schools including government and independent 13 schools. It also affiliates schools in some 20 African and Asian countries. About 200 new schools are affiliated each year. Study teams conduct r egular inspections of the affiliated institutions.CBSE has a central office and 6 regional offices. Permanent affiliation is obtained after a number of years. Affiliation is cede according to strict criteria. A list of affiliated schools can be found on CBSE s website http//www. cbse. nic. in. The major objective is to prescribe conditions of examinations and conduct public examinations at the end of Classes X and XII and to grant certificates to successful candidates of the affiliated schools. All affiliated schools follow the national scheme of 10+2. Here is an example of testimonial for All India Senior School Certificate Examination from 2000CBSE is regulated but not financed by the central government. Financing is assured by fees from the affiliated schools. CBSE accepts private candidates. CBSE develops its curriculum on the basis of the national curriculum framework. The curriculum is revised every 5 to 10 years. Two of the front line curriculum subjects are revised every y ear. According to CBSE, it strives notably to adapt current teaching methods and content of teaching to an innovative and creative society in the form of subjects such as functional English, bio-technology, entrepreneurship, life skills education, and contingency management.An important objective is the destressing of education, including no homework or examinations in grades I and II and only achievement reports in grades III-V. Information technology is compulsory in grades IX +X. Language studies include a potential 27 different languages besides Hindi and English. One teacher may teach four subjects up to grade X. The board uses the term learner (for student) with emphasis on the learners role in learning. Two subjects undergo a performance analysis (marks, questions, learning) each year to cope with poor performance.14 Examination is monitored and organised to avoid fraud. CBSE issues duplicates of certificates under certain conditions. CBSE also organises in-service training of teachers and special programmes for new principals. evaluate Both Standard X and XII are normally marked on a section basis. The minimum passmark varies depending upon the subject. According to the UK NARIC, the following marking scheme is used in most states for the Standard XII examinations, in comparison with that used by the central boards.Performance CBSE assessment 85%+, 80-85%, 70- Excellent, Superior, Very A1-A2, B1 80% good 60% 70% Good B2 50% 60% Satisfactory C1 40% 50% total C2 35% 40% Pass D Percentages Source India, International Comparisons, UK NARIC CISCE One, two, three Four Five sextet seven Documents The pass-document is issued by the relevant Board of Secondary Education. It shows the type of programme (academic or vocational), the subjects passed and the marks obtained out of total marks as well as the aggregate marks, percentage obtained, and result as well as the overall grade/division.National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) National Institute of Open Schooling (previously known as the National Open School) was established in November 1989 as an autonomous registered society. The institute provides basic programs such as secondary education courses and senior secondary education courses on an overspread education basis. NIOS conducts examinations twice a year and candidates can appear in one, two or more subjects. Credits are accumulated until the certification criteria are fulfilled. NIOS has at its disposal a network of accredit study centres all over India providing support to learners.Source India, International Comparisons, UK NARIC (Website) Secondary Education. Department of Secondary and Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development, India (information on the Departments website) 15 Islamic Education India also has a system of Islamic education. Several different sects have their own schools where they teach Islamic subjects and Arabic to generally (but not only) Muslim children.